My theory proposes that humanity is undergoing a cognitive-evolutionary transition marked by the emergence of a distinct lineage which I have named Homo divergens. Unlike biological speciation events such as the divergence between Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens, this transition is driven not by genetic differentiation but by cumulative cultural evolution, niche construction, and the emergence of high-abstraction cognitive systems. Drawing on anthropological, psychological, and sociocultural research, my theory reconceptualizes human development as cognitive niche formation, interbreeding of phenotypes, origins as distributed cognitive intensification, Neanderthal-like absorption as sociocultural convergence, and evidence as population-level trends consistent with the Micro-16 (Individuals) and Macro-16 (Nation-states) frameworks. My framework establishes the theoretical foundation for understanding H. divergens as an increasingly coherent and measurable cognitive lineage within Homo sapiens.